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Review Article

Specialized ribosomes and the control of translation

Huili Guo
Biochemical Society Transactions Jul 09, 2018, BST20160426; DOI: 10.1042/BST20160426
Huili Guo
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, SingaporeDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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  • http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2294-5684
  • For correspondence: hguo@imcb.a-star.edu.sg
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Abstract

The control of translation is increasingly recognized as a major factor in determining protein levels in the cell. The ribosome — the cellular machine that mediates protein synthesis — is typically seen as a key, but invariant, player in this process. This is because translational control is thought to be mediated by other auxiliary factors while ribosome recruitment is seen as the end-point of regulation. However, recent developments have made it clear that heterogeneous ribosome types can exist in different tissues, and more importantly, that these ribosomes can preferentially translate different subsets of mRNAs. In so doing, heterogeneous ribosomes could be key regulatory players in differentiation and development. Here, we examine current evidence for the existence of different ribosome types and how they might arise. In particular, we will take a close look at the mechanisms through which these ribosomes might mediate selective mRNA translation. We also summarize recently developed techniques/approaches that will aid in our understanding of the functions of such specialized ribosomes.

  • ribosome heterogeneity
  • specialized ribosomes
  • translational control
  • Abbreviations

    CrPV,
    cricket paralysis virus;
    IGR IRES,
    intergenic region IRES;
    IRESes,
    internal ribosome entry sites;
    MPNSTs,
    malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors;
    PD,
    Parkinson's disease;
    RPs,
    ribosomal proteins;
    RQC,
    ribosome-mediated quality control;
    rRNAs,
    ribosomal RNAs;
    snoRNAs,
    small nucleolar RNAs;
    uORFs,
    upstream open reading frames;
    UTRs,
    untranslated regions
    • © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society
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    Specialized ribosomes and the control of translation
    Huili Guo
    Biochemical Society Transactions Jul 2018, BST20160426; DOI: 10.1042/BST20160426
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    Specialized ribosomes and the control of translation
    Huili Guo
    Biochemical Society Transactions Jul 2018, BST20160426; DOI: 10.1042/BST20160426

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    • Article
      • Abstract
      • Introduction
      • The ribosome as a ubiquitous, homogeneous entity — or not
      • Types of ribosome heterogeneity and their functional impact
      • Heterogeneity from types of ribosomal RNAs
      • Heterogeneity from ribosomal RNA modifications
      • Heterogeneity from ribosomal proteins: composition
      • Heterogeneity from ribosomal proteins: paralogs
      • Heterogeneity from ribosomal protein stoichiometry
      • Heterogeneity from ribosomal protein modifications
      • Heterogeneity from ribosome-associated factors
      • Specialized ribosomes: controversy and plausibility
      • Funding
      • Competing Interests
      • Acknowledgements
      • Footnotes
      • References
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    Keywords

    ribosome heterogeneity
    specialized ribosomes
    translational control

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